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Athetoid cerebral palsy
Athetoid cerebral palsy or dyskinetic cerebral palsy (sometimes abbreviated ADCP) is a type of cerebral palsy primarily associated with damage, like other forms of CP, to the basal ganglia in the form of lesions that occur during brain development due to bilirubin encephalopathy and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.〔 Unlike spastic or ataxic cerebral palsies, ADCP is characterized by both hypertonia and hypotonia, due to the affected individual's inability to control muscle tone.〔 Clinical diagnosis of ADCP typically occurs within 18 months of birth and is primarily based upon motor function and neuroimaging techniques.〔〔 While there are no cures for ADCP, some drug therapies as well as speech, occupational therapy, and physical therapy have shown capacity for treating the symptoms.
Classification of cerebral palsy can be based on severity, topographic distribution, or motor function. Severity is typically assessed via the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) or the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (described further below).〔 Classification based on motor characteristics classifies CP as occurring from damage to either the corticospinal pathway or extrapyramidal regions.〔 Athetoid dyskinetic cerebral palsy is a non-spastic, extrapyramidal form of cerebral palsy (spastic cerebral palsy, in contrast, results from damage to the brain’s corticospinal pathways).〔 Non-spastic cerebral palsy is divided into two groups, ataxic and dyskinetic.〔 Dyskinetic cerebral palsy is separated further into two different groups; choreoathetoid and dystonic.〔 Choreo-athetotic CP is characterized by involuntary movements most predominantly found in the face and extremities. Dystonic ADCP is characterized by slow, strong contractions, which may occur locally or encompass the whole body.〔
Clinically, physicians have also classified cerebral palsy according to the topographic distribution of muscle spasticity.〔 This method classifies children as diplegic, (bilateral involvement with leg involvement greater than arm involvement), hemiplegic (unilateral involvement), or quadriplegic (bilateral involvement with arm involvement equal to or greater than leg involvement).〔〔
==Signs and symptoms==
ADCP is often characterized by slow, uncontrolled movements of the extremities and trunk.〔 Small, rapid, random and repetitive, uncontrolled movements known as chorea may also occur.〔 Involuntary movements often increase during periods of emotional stress or excitement and disappear when the patient is sleeping or distracted.〔 Patients experience difficulty in maintaining posture and balance when sitting, standing, and walking due to these involuntary movements and fluctuations in muscle tone.〔 Coordinated activities such as reaching and grasping may also be challenging.〔 Muscles of the face and tongue can be affected, causing involuntary facial grimaces, expressions, and drooling.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Athetoid Dyskinetic )〕 Speech and language disorders, known as dysarthria, are common in athetoid CP patients.〔 In addition, ADCP patients may have trouble eating.〔 Hearing loss is a common co-occurring condition,〔 and visual disabilities can be associated with Athetoid Cerebral Palsy. Squinting and uncontrollable eye movements may be initial signs and symptoms. Children with these disabilities rely heavily on visual stimulation, especially those who are also affected by sensory deafness.〔 〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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